
AMERICAN EDITION. -^ 



ILLUSTRATED. 



THE 



World's GoMia 



position 



AND TH 



CITY OF C 



VIEWED FROM AN ENGLIS 




A STBREOPTICON I^ECTURB 

RECENTLY •:• DELIVERED •:• BEFORE •:• THE 

LONDON •:• POLYTECHNIC •:• INSTITUTE 



By 



JAMKS DREDGE. 

Member of the Royal Commission for Great Britain and Ireland 
at the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. 



APPENDIX ^VIXH STATISTICS TO DATB. 



CHICAGO: 

H. V. Holmes, Lakf.side Building. 

1892. 



PRICE TWENTY-FIVE CENTS. 



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JIqOO 




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Chicago and Her Exposition 

of 1893. 



a Stereopticon lecture 
Recently Delivered Before the 

LONDON POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. 

BY 

JAIVLBS DRKDGE. 

u 

Member of the British Ro\'al Commission. 

Member of Council of the London Society of Arts. 

Honorary Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 
Officier de la Legion D'Honneur. 

Officier de I'lnstrnction Publique. 

Editor of London "Engineering." 



WITH A PRETACE BY THE AUTHOR. 



Illustrated with Numerous Engravings and a Bird's-Eye View 

of the Exposition Buildings. 



CHICAGO: 
H. V. Holmes, Lak eside Building. 



1892 




^ 



Tsoo 

:Bijir 



By traaafM 
AUG 18 19t5 



PREFATORY NO 




The following lecture has been considered of sufficient interest to 
be submitted to the perusal of the American people, and it has there- 
fore — at the suggestion of some of my kind friends in Chicago — been re- 
printed in its present form. In offering it to the indulgent criticism of 
(I hope) a large circle of readers in the United States, I wish to make 
the following very brief explanation. The lecture was delivered 
before a crowded and deeply attentive audience at that admirable 
institution, the London Polytechnic, solely with the object of awak- 
ing a general interest in England, on the subject of the World's Co- 
lumbian Exposition; to give the British public some faint idea of the 
importance of the Exposition, and of the city in which it will be 
held; to indicate some of the advantages that will be enjoyed by 
foreign visitors to Chicago in 1893, ^wi above all, to aid in some 
small measure the admirable and very successful movement organ- 
ized by the Polytechnic, for helping the wage workers in England 
to visit what will undoubtedly be the greatest exhibition of the 
century. That these objects have been partially achieved is evi- 
dent from the public demand which has arisen for the reprint of the 
lecture in the United Kingdom, and which, according to the Poly- 
technic Journal, will involve the issue of 100,000 copies; and from 
the fact that arrangements have now been completed for delivering 
the lecture throughout the country with the numerous stereopticon 
slides, with which it is illustrated. 

I wish to disclaim all but the small amount of credit which is 
really mine, in connection with this very successful effort to dis- 
seminate information and to place the remainder where it is due. 
First, to Mr. Quentin Hogg, the public spirited Director of the 
Polytechnic, who has showed in this, as in all other matters with 



PREFATORY NOTE. 



which he is associated, ah enterprise and piiblic spirit wholly untar- 
nished by thought of profit or vain- glory. Second, to Sir Phillip 
Cunliffe Owen, that K^sfor of exhibitions, as he has been so hap- 
pily called by one of the accomplished Chiefs of the World's Fair. 
The people of Chicago do not know-how much they are indebted to 
Sir Phillip Owen for the interest that has been created abroad, not 
only in Kngland, but throug*hout Europe, in the Columbian Ex- 
position; but they will learn one day, even though he may not take 
so prominent a part in the direction of the British section as the 
friends of the Exhibition would desire. I, who have had the privi- 
lege of his friendship through many years, find it difficult to speak 
of him in terms that do justice to him as a friend, and as a genius 
in the control of Exhibitions, and I most gladly seize this occasion 
to tell the people of the United States that which I know to be the 
truth. It was Sir Phillip Owen who acted as the guide, philoso- 
pher and friend to the American Commission that visited Europe 
last year; it is he who is the ever ready and sound counsellor of all 
who come to him — as I am often glad to come — and who never fail 
to gain help and strength from his advice. It was Sir Phillip Owen 
who presided at this Polytechnic lecture of mine; and it is he who 
aided Mr. McCormick, the American Commissioner in I^ondon, to 
organize a lecture tour throughout England, commencing under the 
patronage of the Lord Mayor of London. The only part I have 
played in this matter has been to write, and deliver once (perhaps 
oftener), this lecture; I have done this, not as a part of my duties as 
a member of the British Royal Commission, whose work is to en- 
courage exhibitors, rather than visitors, to go to Chicago in 1893, 
but as the earnest friend of the World's Columbian Exposition, of 
the citizens of Chicago, and of the people of the United States, with 
the desire that my own countrymen may attend the World's Fair in 
such numbers that mutual knowledge and confidence may be 
increased, and that the two great Anglo-Saxon nations may be 
brought more closely and more harmoniously together. 

James Dredge. 
London, CIvApham Lodge, February, i8p2. 




The Directors of this Institution have, with their usual energy 
and foresight, already commenced those important arrangements by 
which a large number of you will be able to visit Chicago and its 
International Exhibition in 1893, under exceptionally favorable 
conditions. It may seem to many that these arrangements have 
been undertaken earlier than is needful, and that those who propose 
to profit by the chance afforded them, need be in no hurry to arrive 
at a final decision. But this is by no means the case ; the responsi- 
bility of conducting a large body of travelers to so great a distance, 
and of bringing them back filled with pleasant and profitable recol- 
lections, is so heavy, and the details to be elaborated are so numer- 
ous and complicated, that I am glad to learn your able Secretary, 
Mr. Mitchell, has prepared for a very early visit to Chicago to com- 
plete arrrangements; the representative of this important association 
will realize on his arrival, and you later on will participate in, the 
benefits resulting from this promptness of action. 

The hearty response that your members have already made to 
the announcement of this notable excursion, is at once a proof of 
your confidence in j^our Directors, and of your keen interest in the 
• Exhibition. It has been suggested that this interest may be further 
increased, and the active spirit of the movement encouraged, if 3'ou 
were informed of the real nature and scope of the Exhibition; and if 
you were placed in a position to form some idea, however incom- 
plete, of the famous city in which it will be held. It is for these 
reasons that I have the honor of claiming your attention for an hour 
this evening. 

When I first visited Chicago in connection with the Exhibition, 
in the autumn of 1890, although the organization was chaotic and no 
work had been done, it did not need much perception to know that 



CHICAGO AND HKR EXPOSITION OF 1893. 



the citizens of Chicago, and those they had placed in charge, were 
essentially the men to carry the vast undertaking to a successful 
end ; and when the following winter I made the first address deliv- 
ered in Europe, on the subject of the Fxhibition, I did not hesitate 
to stake my reputation on this successful issue. When I again vis- 
ited Chicago last September, as the envoy of the Royal Commission, 
I found that events had outstripped my anticipations, and that not 
only the organization, but the actual work of construction, had made 
more progress than I could have thought possible in the space of 
twelve months. 

As I have made this Exhibition my special and particular study 
since its inception in 1889 ; as I am in constant and friendly com- 
munication with the Chiefs of the Executive in Chicago ; and as 
I have already written and published enough to fill a large volume 
on the subject, I am probably for the moment in a better position 
than any one else to give the information which the Directors of this 
Institution think will be of interest and use to you this evening. I 
had some idea of introducing the subject by a few words on the 
voyage that so many of you will undertake eighteen months from 
now, but that would occupy too much time, and may at a later and 
more appropriate date, form the topic for an instructive address, so 
tonight I will only say in this connection that when the time comes 
you will find the journey as full of comfort, and more full of a spe- 
cial interest, than any which have been previously arranged for 
you. 

I wonder how many among this audience have a clear idea of the 
exact location of Chicago, or of its importance as a great commer- . 
cial center. Half a century ago it was still outside the pale of civi- 
lization ; a small and remote western city. But the rapid growth ot 
population in the United States, and its consequent march west- 
ward, changed the relative conditions year by year, until today the 
centre of gravity of the population is abreast of Chicago, though 
somewhat to the south — near Cincinnati, in fact. Fifty years ago 
the population of the State of Illinois, of which Chicago is the prin- 
cipal city, was less than six to the square mile ; today it is claimed 
that the metropolis of the central States represents the most populated 
portion in the country ; that is to say, if Chicago be taken as the 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 



center of a circle of 500 miles radius, more people would be enclosed 
in that circle than in any other similar area throughout the United 
States. Almost all circumstances, natural as well as artificial, have 
favored this rapid growth. As the continuous waves of progress 
have swept across the great continent, they have steadily raised Chi- 
cago to a higher eminence, and into her present proud position ot 
importance. It is a very general, and certainly a very pardonable 
weakness of the citizens of Chicago, to draw comparison between 
their city and the other great cities of the United States, New York 
not excepted. " But I think that such comparisons are quite unnec- 
essary, for Chicago is sui generis ; a unique city of the nineteenth 
century ; made unique by the energy of her people ; by the advan- 
tages of her geographical position ; by the development of the middle 
and western States ; and above all by the facilities of communication, 
which enable her to stretch out her hands, laden with true riches — 
the produce of the soil — to all the world. In the commencement, 
the prosperity of the young city -was due to the advance of the east 
towards the west ; but this condition of things has long been 
changed, and it is the west now — the grain-growing, cattle-raising 
and mining west, that pours its wealth into the city as the center, 
whence it is distributed all over the world. 

And with the steady development of this great west of which the 
resources are only now being utilized, the importance and wealth of 
Chicago must increase, and increase probably as rapidly as they have 
done during the last twenty years. We can form but a very lim- 
ited idea of the extent, and future possibilities of the States lying to 
the west of the Mississippi, and the development of which directly 
affects the trade of Chicago ; the area on the west of the great river 
is twice as large as that which lies on the east, and of this, what is 
not mineral land, is for most part richly adapted for agricultural 
pursuits. The proportions of the western States are almost beyond 
one's grasp ; Texas could hold the whole population of the United 
States and not be much more crowded than Germany ; Dakota could 
do the same, and so could New Mexico. The State of Texas alone 
could produce nearly all the food crops required for the entire coun- 
try ; it could produce more than all the cotton crops, and pasture 
lands as large as the entire State of New York would still remain. 




63 acres south reserved 
for Live Stock. 

Dairy Building. 



H 



Railroad Approacli. Transportation Building. 

Administration Building. 
Machinery Hall, 171/2 acres. Hall of Mines and Mining. 
Assembly Hall. 

I^agoon. Electricity Building. 

Forestry Building. Agricultural Building. 

Convent La Rabida. Entrance from Pier to Pa; 

A line from first letter of name to entrance 

FIG. 5. — BIED'S-EYE view of BUILDING 




aral Hall. 
SVooded Island. 



Villages of all Nations. Galleries and Fine Arts. 

Women's Building. Uoited States Buildings. 

State and Foreign Govt, 
Fisheries and Deep Sea Aquaria. [Bld'gs, to North. 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 44 acres. 
'"^^'°- U. S. Naval Ex- 

Casino and Landing Pier. [hibit. 

ier of building, will indicate location. 



:iXG FROM THE LAKE 



8 CHICAGO AND HKR EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 

It is estimated that the arable lands of the west cover at least 900,000 
square miles ; there are 260,000 square miles of timber country, and 
in 1880 less than one-fourth of the pasture was occupied with more 
than 61 millions of live stock. It would seem as if the future desti- 
nies of the United States must be controlled from the west, the pop- 
ulation of which by natural increase and by immigration, is growing 
with so much rapidity ; where energy appears unbounded, and the 
wealth of the soil, as of the riches hidden beneath its surface, is in- 
exhaustible. 

A well-known American writer says ' * the unrivalled resources of 
the west, together with the unequalled enterprise of her citizens, are 
a sure prophecy of superior wealth. Already have some of the 
younger States outstripped their elder sisters of the east in individ- 
ual wealth. . . . The west is destined to surpass in agriculture, 
stock raising, mining, and eventually in manufacturing. . . . Be- 
yond a peradventure the west is to dominate the east. With more 
than twice the room and resources of the east, the west will have 
probably twice the population and wealth of the east, together with 
the superior power and influence which, under popular government, 
accompany them." These sentences, written some years ago, would 
seem to be already partially confirmed, and if the forecast be too 
sanguine and enthusiastic, the conviction is nevertheless forced upon 
the thoughtful observer, that if the head of the nation lie upon the 
Atlantic shore, the heart beats in the middle States, and the sinews 
and muscles are in the west, and it may also be safely predicted that 
however many rival cities may in the future contest the trade and 
prosperity created by thib western development, with Chicago, the 
metropolis of the Great I^ake region must continue to retain her pre- 
eminence. 

It may help you to fix the location of the city of Chicago if you 
bear in mind that it lies as far to the west of London as Calcutta lies 
to the east; that it is on about the same latitude as Rome ; and that 
though it is situated a thousand miles from New York harbor, 
when you reach it from the eastern seaboard, you have only traveled 
one-third of the way across the great American continent. 

A glance at the outline map (fig. i) will be sufficient to give you 
an idea of one of the reasons of the great and rapid growth of the 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 



city. You will see that Chicago stands upon the shore of I^ake 
Michigan, and nearly at the most southerly point of this freshwater 
inland sea. Probably you have little idea of the vast traffic that is 
carried on upon the great chain of lakes that stretch half-way across 
the continent and afford a direct water communication from the 
ocean to the remote western town of Duluth in Minnesota. Between 
Buffalo, which is the inland terminus of the Erie Canal, and the 
numerous towns that stand upon the extended mileage of the shore 
of the lakes, an incessant traffic is carried on, incessant that is, 
whilst navigation is possible, or for about nine months in the year. 
This traffic consists mostly of grain and minerals going east, and — 
in the other direction — of miscellaneous cargoes to supply the varied 
wants of the population in the great west. The vast farm lands 
and mining regions of Manitoba and Minnesota afford plenty of 
business to the steamers navigating I^ake Superior, but by far the 
largest trade passes through Lake Michigan, and gravitates to Chi- 
cago, although Milwaukee and some few other towns are ports of no 
small importance. So large indeed is the marine trade of Chicago 
that the tonnage entering and leaving its harbor is nearly as great 
as that of New York, and half as much as that of the port of Lon- 
don. The route for steamers (some of which are of as much as 
three thousand tons) from Buffalo to Chicago lies across Lake Erie, 
through the short Detroit River, the Lake St. Clair and the St. 
Clair River into Lake Huron; thence by the northwest to the point 
where the waters of this lake mingle with those of Lake Michigan; 
and then southward along the whole length of the latter to Chicago. 

The actual tonnage that passes up and down the Detroit River 
during the nine months when the navigation is free from ice is much 
greater than the traffic upon the Suez Canal throughout the year, 
and as a very large proportion of this tonnage enters and leaves the 
port of Chicago this comparison will give you a very fair idea of its 
importance as a maritime city. It is indeed the collecting and dis- 
tributing center of the middle and middle western States of Indiana, 
Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and of the great corn and cattle 
lands lying still further west. 

We may digress here for an instant to call your attention to the 
section of the great lake chain that is shown beneath the map (see 



10 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 

fig. 2). You will notice that with the exception of Lake Ontario, 
the water levels stand at a high elevation above that of the sea; 
Huron, Michigan, and Erie, are all of them about 581 feet above the 
sea level ; Lake Superior is still higher, this difference of level being 
overcome for navigation by means of a famous canal and locks. The 
difference of level between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario is made up 
by the rapids of Niagara River and by the great Fall; the total 
length of the river above and below the Falls is 37^ miles; the dif- 
ference of level, is 326 feet, of which 160 feet is made at one jump by 
the great waterfall, and the remainder by the rapids above and 
below it. Evaporation apart, the Falls of Niagara constitute the 
sole means of relieving the great drainage area that discharges into 
the chain of lakes — an area twice as great as that of Great Britain 
and Ireland. 

But the outflow from the lake basin is only about half the quantity 
of rain that falls upon it, the rest being accounted for by evaporation. 
The total volume of water in the lakes is about 6,000 cubic miles, 
but this is a figure which conveys little meaning, and it is more to the 
purpose to remember that if the supply to the lakes from rainfall 
was suddenly cut off, the great torrent of Niagara could be main- 
tained with unabated volume and in all its appalling majesty from 
these vast reservoirs for a period of a hundred years. But Niagara 
was not always the outlet of these inland seas. Away back in geo- 
logical time the overflow from the lakes, which doubtless have 
greatly changed in size and form since then, was southward from Lake 
Michigan into the Mississippi basin. Sudden upheavals aided by 
gradual change, created a barrier to this southern outfall, and corre- 
sponding changes to the north so altered the levels as to produce the 
order of things with which we are familiar. But the barrier just 
rererred to, and the summit of which is only a few miles to the 
south of Chicago, is of a very insignificant height, and at the 
present time a project is being matured to cut through this barrier, 
and to construct a broad and deep ship canal, which will restore to 
some trifling extent the old regime; which will create an outflow for 
Lake Michigan into the Mississippi, and convert Chicago into a sea- 
port from the south as well as from the north. 



< 

Ed 

p: 
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12 ' CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 



IL— THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 



Before referring to the Columbian Exposition, it may prove of 
some interest to you this evening if I attempt to give a slight idea of 
the appearance and general characteristics of the city of which v^e 
are now hearing so much. It is said that a United States engineer 
officer, at the beginning of the century, who was employed upon 
the survey of the great lakes, reported that there was only one spot 
on which it was impossible to build a city on the banks of Lake 
Michigan. It is just on this spot that Chicago is situated. There 
was, however, good reason for this assertion. A century ago the 
pathless wilderness terminated here in swamp and morass — land 
mingling with water like an unfinished fragment of creation; the 
sluggish, fever-laden creek, fed from the lake or from the inland 
water shed, and altering the direction of its current with the season 
and the water level, spread over the adjacent low-lying lands and 
helped to complete the scene of hopeless desolation. But even two 
hundred years since, this forbidding stream had its uses. The spirit 
of successful colonization was then active in France, stimulated and 
carried forward by the fervor of religious enthusiasm that drove 
earnest men into the remote places of the earth, bearing aloft the 
cross and planting strange truths in savage minds. These were the 
explorers and pioneers, who have left traces of their work behind 
them through the broad lands that separate the lakes from the Gulf 
of Mexico; whose monuments remain in the names of cities and vil- 
lages throughout Illinois and Louisiana, and in those of many of 
the principal streets of the City of Chicago. 

Marquette and Joliet — priest and soldier — discovered Chicago 
River late in the seventeenth century, and tested its usefulness as a 
Way of reaching the Mississippi by the portage over the low divide 
that opposes a barrier to the chain of lakes from discharging into the 
Gulf of Mexico. The first survey of the district was made by Joliet in 
1673; his companion died of malaria after a brief attempt to proselytize 
the local Indians. In these early times the name of the site was 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 1 3 

much the same as it is now; it had two meanings, according to 
whether the word was used by one or other of the tribes that fre- 
quented the unalluring spot: "Onion" or "Pol cat." The fate of 
Marquette appeared through several generations to serve as an in 
ducement for others of his devoted calling to seek malarial martyr- 
dom on the banks of the Chicago Creek; and in their wake followed 
the traders, to traffic with the natives, but not to stay. The first 
permanent resident appears to have been a fugitive slave, who in 
the course of time did quite a handsome business as a fur trader. 
Meanwhile troublous times were the portion of North America. 
Wars with the Indians; French, Colonial, and British wars; and, 
finally, the revolt against English despotism, that laid the firm foun- 
dation for a great nation. 

It was only after the genius of Washington had brought the War 
of Independence to a triumphant conclusion, that the site of Chicago 
attracted any attention ; this was prior to the acquisition of Louisiana 
by the United States, through purchase from France. 

British influence among the Indians around the lakes was strong, 
and was exerted to the damage of the new Republic. In the words 
of an American writer: "It became necessary, with the acquisition 
of new territory, that the United States should make some demon- 
stration of its strength, in order to counteract the pernicious effects 
of its tactics." This demonstration took the shape of a fort that was 
built in 1804, and formed a nucleus for a small body of traders and 
other hardy pioneers to gather round it for mutual protection. So 
matters remained till the war of 1812, when a wholesale massacre of 
the garrison and the handful of settlers, took place; the fort and 
dwellings were destroyed, and the silence of the wilderness was re- 
stored. Two years later, however. Fort Dearborn was rebuilt, the 
power of the Indians was broken, and the settlement was again at- 
tempted, this time with success, so that when — in 18 18 — Illinois 
was admitted as a State into the Union, Chicago was quite a 
thriving village. Civilization — embodied by the tax collector — 
appeared in 1823, when on behalf of Fulton County, in which 
Chicago was then situated, the sum of $11.42 was obtained, 
showing that the rateable value of property at that time was *less 
than ^500. The real founders of Chicago appear to have been the 



14 CHICAGO AND HKR EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 



Illinois and Michigan Canal Commissioners, a powerful corporation 
early in the century, and who possessed powers to lay out towns on 
the lands that had been assigned to them by the Government. Thus 
it came about that "Fort Dearborn settlement" passed out of exis- 
tence, and the town of Chicago was called into being. The original 
plan of the new town was issued on the 4th of August, 1830. 

The history of the first few years of Chicago is that of all new set- 
tlements in the wilderness, with the exception perhaps that its pro- 
gress never received a check. In 1837, the first census was taken, 
when it was found that the population was upwards of 4,000, each 
member of which was ambitious to be called a citizen; so it came to 
pass in that year Chicago was raised to the dignity of a city. Since 
then its growth has been phenomenally rapid, but it would occupy 
too much space, and be beside the present purpose were I to attempt 
to sketch its history; I will, therefore, pass on at once to notice in a 
few words the fire of 187 1, w^hich destroyed more than three square 
miles of buildings, and rendered 98,500 persons homeless. It is 
claimed that this — the most gigantic conflagration on record — was 
caused by the hind leg of a cow, which kicked as she was being 
milked in a stable, and upset a kerosene lamp; the straw thus ignited 
set fire to the building and the flames spread with a rapidity which 
defied all the efforts of the fire department to check; in a few hours 
it became evident that the businesssection of the city was doomed, 
for the wind was blowing a gale and forced the fire forward with 
irresistible heat and fury, devouring granite buildings and wooden 
shanties as it was forced forward by the storm. The disaster com- 
menced on the evening of Sunday the 8th of October, and by one 
o'clock the following morning, a traveling column of flame had 
reached and swallowed up the Chamber of Commerce building and 
the Court House, the bell of which continued to toll until the belfry 
fell. Then traveling furiously eastward it continued to lay many 
other noble buildings in ashes. 

Meanwhile, a second column of fire had been equally active, and 
when this joined the first one, the work of destruction went forward 
at an increased rate, while the ruined and homeless inhabitants 
could only look on, powerless to avert the devastation, and para- 
lyzed with terror. It was only at the Lake and the northern limits 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1893. ^5 

of the city that the fire burned itself out for lack of fuel. The total 
area devastated was nearly three and a third square miles; there 
were 17,450 houses destroyed; about 200 people killed ; and the value 
of property lost was nearly forty millions sterling. It is impossible 
to realize the horrors of that period, or the dispair that followed 
with the realization of the general ruin that was caused. Although 
twenty years have passed since that eventful Sunday, citizens of 
Chicago who went through the ordeal, speak of the great fire as if 
its minutest details had been burned into their memories by the 
flames; and still fresh in their recollection is the succor that poured 
in to the fated city without an hour's delay. From all parts of the 
United States came help, in the shape of long lines of relief trains 
loaded up with food and clothing and other necessities of life for the 
thousands that had been thus suddenly stripped of all. And not 
from the United States alone, for it is pleasant to remember that aid 
came from England also, with a lavish hand, and the citizens of 
Chicago remember that too, today, and the recollection will help to 
make the welcome warmer to Knglishmen who visit Chicago in 1893. 

The ruins were not cold before the work of reconstruction began, 
and merchants who a week before had carried on vast business in 
granite warehouses, began the world again in wooden sheds built on 
the smoking ashes of their former wealth. When energy such as 
this was shown, you will not be surprised to know that the traces of 
the great fire were soon obliterated, and that ten years after it oc- 
curred, there were but few ruins to indicate that it had ever taken 
place. Modern Chicago dates from this catastrophe, and as soon as 
the immediate results of the disaster were overcome, the new era of 
constructfon, of which the city is so proud, cotnmenced. 

Today Chicago covers an area of 180 square miles, it has a popu- 
lation of over 1,200,000; there are 2,200 miles of streets within the 
city limits; there are 395 miles of street railways; and over 2,000 
acres of public parks; 35 distinct railroad companys have station ac- 
commodation in the city, and it is claimed that these railroads, with 
their branches and immediate connections, have a total length of 
more than half the mileage of all the railways in the United States. 
The Chicago River and its branches are crossed by 61 bridges, all, 
or nearly all of which, are turning bridges, so as to accommodate 



l6 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 

the constant movement of ships up and down the river. There are, 
in addition, several tunnels, by which the street traffic can pass 
without interruption, and this means of communication is on the 
increase. 

Like most American cities, Chicago is laid out on the convenient 
but monotonous rectangular system. Its most important thorough- 
fare is State Street, which runs from north to south for a distance of 
18 miles, or only three miles less than the distance between London 
and Windsor. To give you a further idea of the size of the city, I 
may add that 87th Street, which runs from east to west, across its 
widest part, is io}i miles long. Some day the ring of boulevards 
will be the glory of Chicago, and will add another to her many claims 
of her superiority over the remainder of American cities. Some of 
these really magnificent roads are completed, and are lined with 
miles of handsome residences that attest the wealth and refinement 
of the citizens. When completed, this succession of boulevards will 
connect the 28 parks, which give to Chicago her favorite title of the 
Garden City; I cannot say what will be the lenght of this system of 
boulevards, but it will certainly be longer than any other ring of 
boulevards in the world. The plan (fig. 3) gives some idea of the 
general arrangement of the city; of its lines of streets; its parks and 
boulevards; the river and its branches; and it shows quite clearly 
the relative position of the Exposition site to the center of the city, 
which may be taken as approximately in the vicinity of Van Buren 
Street. 

The number of houses added to Chicago last year would, if placed 
side by side, have a solid frontage of 51 miles in length. They 
numered 11,640 structures, and cost nearly 10 million sterling ; this 
will give some idea of the rate of development of the city. 

There are several peculiarities connected with the buildings of 
Chicago to which reference may be made, as I think they are with- 
out parallel. One of these is the curious custom of moving houses, 
generally from a costly to a less expensive site. This operation is 
not by any means exceptional, as will be seen from the fact that 
during the year 1890 no less than 1,710 houses, with a total front- 
age of 33,922 feet, or about six miles, were shifted from one location 
to another. Most of the buildings so moved were of timber, but 



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FIG. 3.— GENERAL MAP OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 



1 8 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 

many of them were of brick, and some of them no less than four 
stories high. The average frontage for these transported dwellings 
was about 20 feet. The profession of house-moving is a very old 
one in Chicago, as is also that of raising structures bodily to a suf- 
ficient height for allowing an additional story to be added at the 
ground level. It would, however, be a task beyond the powers of 
the most enterprising contractor to shift or raise the modern typical 
buildings, which claim to be larger and higher than any in the 
United States; and it would appear that there is good reason for 
this claim. 

Take for example the Auditorum, of which Chicago is justly proud, 
it is a hotel, theater, to seat 6,000 people, stores, offices, and weather 
signal station. Its total street frontage 710 feet, with total height 
270 feet. 

The Masonic Temple, 117x114 feet, with a height of 265 feet, 
divided into 20 stories, is constructed round a central courtj^ard, the 
first 14 or 15 stories are arranged as stores, the upper part being re- 
served for Masonic purposes. 

The Pullman building, a nine story structure, with a frontage of 
170x120 feet. Its distinguishing feature is a large open court 
towards the street and a handsome monumental entrance in connec- 
tion with it. The first story is of red granite, and the upper portion 
of brick and terra cotta. The Pullman Company has its main of- 
fices here. The top floors are handsomely fitted up as living 
apartments. 

I would mention still another, tne ' ' Schiller "building. This new 
and magnificent structure contains 250 offices, a theater to seat 1,400 
people and a small concert hall; the interior of the theater is entirely 
free from pillars. There are eight stories of business offices carried 
on trussed steel girders over the ceiling of the theater. 

There are many others. Notably the new Chamber of Com- 
merce, with 500 offices, the Rookery, more than 600, and the 
Women's building with 350 and many others. Of course elevators 
are used in these and all similar structures. 

There are large numbers of such structures in the city, which 
impress by force of their size, rather than by their architectural 
beauty, and it is refreshing to the uneducated western eye to turn 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 1 9 

to the older structures of importance, such as the City Hall and the 
Post Office buildings, which latter is to be pulled down ere long, 
and is referred to in the most recent guide to Chicago as " a great 
structure, but old-fashioned." I^s erection was commenced after the 
great fire in 1871. The recent great buildings in Chicago are essen- 
tially engineering structures, not only as we have seen with regard 
to a system of construction, but also in respect to internal appli- 
ances. In all of them a very large amount of steam power is 
required for numerous purposes, such as electric lighting, heating 
and ventilation, working elevators, lifting sewage, etc, 

No sketch of Chicago would be complete w^ithout a reference to 
the somewhat ghastly industry which is the corner-stone of its pros- 
perity — the great stockyards and packing works. To give some 
idea of the extent of this business, it may be mentioned that during 
1890 more than 2,000,000 of cattle, and nearly 6,000,000 of hogs 
were slaughtered; 311,557 railway cars were needed to bring these 
animals to the stockyards, and their estimated value was about 
^46,000,000 sterling 

The principal stockyards are situated about five and a half miles 
from the center of the city, in a southwesterly direction; they were 
opened in 1865, and occupy an area of 400 acres, half of which is 
devoted to the yards, while the remainder is occupied by railroads 
and sidings. 

Accommodation is provided for 20,000 cattle, 120,000 hogs, and 
15,000 sheep ; this stock is brought from all parts of the country in 
cars, containing on an average, 20 cattle, 70 hogs, or 100 sheep. 
The business of the yards is to receive the stock and take charge of 
it until it changes hands, an operation which is very rapidly per- 
formed, and occupies about 1,000 men employed by the Stockyard 
Company, a similar number in the service of 120 commission mer- 
chants, and about 300 buyers. As soon as the animals have been 
sorted, classified and weighed, which latter operation is performed 
on 50-ton scales, they are turned over to the buyers, who distribute 
them to their destination— the slaughter house. Here the labor is 
minutely subdivided, and the rapidity with which the practiced 
hands perform their work is astonishing ; almost every part of the 
animal is utilized for some purpose or another, and the carcasses, after 




THE PULLMAN BUILDING. S. S. BEMAN, ARCHITECT. 




THE SCHILLER BUILDING. ADLER & SDLILVAN, ARCHITECTS. 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 23 

having been properly prepared, are taken upon tramways into the 
refrigerating rooms, where they are kept at a temperature of about 
60 degrees. From here they are taken onto the train loading plat- 
forms, cut into quarters and placed in the refrigerator cars, whence 
they are distributed all over the country or shipped for export. 

After the packing and slaughtering industry comes the grain 
trade of Chicago. From the agricultural regions of the Middle and 
Western States the grain is brought by train or by lake to Chicago, 
where it is stored in elevators for distribution all over the country. 
There are 27 grain elevators in the city, with a total storage capacity 
of about 29,000,000 bushels; the largest of these great warehouses, 
belonging to the Armour Elevator Company, contains 2,000,000 
bushels ; the average capacity of the others range from 1,000,000 to 
1,500,000 bushels. 

The shipments of cereals from Chicago during 1890 were in round 
figures, 12,000,000 bushels of wheat, 90,000,000 bushels of corn, 71,- 
000.000 bushels of oats, and 12,000,000 bushels of rye and barley. 
About 8,000,000 bushels of this total were distributed by lake ship- 
ments, and this trade occupied no small portion of the vessels enter- 
ing and leaving the harbor, and the total tonnage of which was 
8,750,000 ; the number of vessels engaged in this trade being about 
9,000. As all this very extensive shipping business is concentrated 
on the Chicago River and its branches, some idea may be gathered 
of the constant movement up and down the stream, and of the per- 
petual opening and closing of the bridges to the great hindrance of 
street trafiBc. The river banks are lined with wharves, of which 
there are not less than 41 miles. It is very evident that if this 
branch of carrying trade increases in the future, as it probably will, 
additional accommodation will be required, and by some means 
the lake front will have to be utilized for loading and unloading 
vessels. 

I have attempted to give only a few particulars of the conspicuous 
characteristics of the city of Chicago. To enter into detail would 
carry this paper far beyond its proper limits, and would still fail in 
conveying accurate impression. No description, in fact, would do 
justice to this city of 1,200,000 inhabitants, almost everyone of 
whom appears endowed with preternatural activity ; which owns a 



24 CHICAGO AND HKR EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 

street 18 miles in length, almost a dead level for the whole distance, 
and on which are houses 20 stories high ; whose traffic is as noisy 
as it is ceaseless, both on the smooth-running, rope-worked 
railways and the ill-paved, jolting roads ; where the roar of the 
locomotive and the scream of the* lake steamer emphasize the fact 
that repose and silence are unknown, even in the dead of night ; 
where a pall of smoke, the outpouring of a thousand factories and of 
ten thousand dwellings, remind the Englishman of home. Picture 
all these things, and you can form some idea of Chicago, which has 
been raised in 60 years, by the indomitable energy of Americans, to 
the rank of the sixth city in the world in point of population. 

Extend the city along a frontage of 22 miles upon the shore of 
Lake Michigan; imagine parks and waste land, factories, fine 
buildings and hovels spreading over this extended front ; add six 
miles of railway skirting the lake in the busiest part of the town, 
and remember that this vast succession of streets and houses is built 
upon the shore of a tideless sea, alive with ships, now sailing over 
waters as smooth and bright of hue as those of the Mediterranean ; 
now fighting their way to or from port, in storms more sudden and 
severe than the Mediterranean ever knows. 

Great as Chicago is, the period of her true greatness has yet to 
come. Its commencement will dawn when her inhabitants give 
themselves leisure to realize that the object of life is not that of 
incessant struggle ; that the race is not always to the swift but 
rather to those who understand the luxury and advantage of repose, 
as well as sustained effort. 

Real greatness does not depend on length of streets, nor height of 
houses, nor even on colossal fortunes ; but rather on the wise ap- 
plication and equally wise conservation of energy and intellect. 
When Chicago ceases to be a city of Perpetual Haste, and adopts 
the pace which will be inevitably set for her by time, the names of 
her great workers will not be erased so early from the book of life, 
'but will be preserved to give their beloved city many more years of 
real useful work. At present, I think there are few old men in 
Chicago, because they have no chance to grow old ; and giving 
themselves insufficient time for leisure, they have as a necessary con- 
sequence, little opportunity for the higher culture which is born of 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 25 



leisure. Of course, I am speaking of the general rule, to which 
there are many brilliant exceptions. 

It is probable that the Columbian Exposition of 1893 will be the 
birth place of this new phase of greatness for Chicago, for it will be 
full of every possible object lesson, and will bring home to the in- 
habitants of the city, more forcibly than any other event could do, 
the fact that there is more in heaven and earth than had been 
dreamed of in their philosophy. 



III.— GENERAL PLAN OF BUILDING. 

The Columbian Exposition is situated seven miles from the center 
of the city, a distance that will be provided for by trains, tramways, 
and especially by large steamboats (see map, fig. 3). The site com- 
prises Jackson Park, the Midway-Plaisance, and Washington Park. 
Of these only the two former will be used for buildings, the Mid- 
way-Plaisance — a long strip of land about 600 feet wide and a mile 
long, being reserved for a Bazaar of Nations, a significant title, from 
which (bearing in mind the Rue de Caire at the Paris Exhibition of 
1889) great and varied entertainment may be expected. This 
Midway-Plaisance is within ten acres the size of St. James Park. 
The whole of Jackson Park, which is as large as Hyde Park and 
Kensington Gardens-put together, will be occupied wholly with the 
buildings and grounds. The main structures will cover more than 
150 acres, and a space larger than St. James' Park and the Green Park 
will be roofed over. Washington Park will be reserved for some 
unforeseen extension, or more probably will be used only as an 
annex to the grounds not occupied by the buildings in Jackson 
Park. The annexed plan (fig. 4) gives a very fair idea of the ar- 
rangement of the Exhibtion. We will take a rapid glance at this 
plan so as to gain an idea of the general arrangement adopted. You 
will notice that the plan runs almost north and south ; that the Ex- 
hibition grounds have a long frontage — some miles long, in fact — on 
Lake Michigan, an advantage that gives a special charm to the site ; 
and that towards the lower end of the grounds, a pier stretches far 
out into the lake, and is so arranged that it will serve as landing 



26 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 

stage, promenade, and breakwater, to enclose a large, smooth-water 
harbor for the smaller marine exhibits. 

From the shore end of this pier extends westward a long and very 
wide road — the grand avenue of the Exhibition. In the center of 
this road is a great basin that forms a part of the extensive water- 
ways, to be made both for decoration and for the circulation of fleets 
of omnibus boats, which will be driven by electricity, and constitute 
one of the important means of transporting visitors. On each side 
of the Grand Avenue are the facades of the main buildings. We 
shall have more to say about these buildings presently, but mean- 
time I should like to mention that each is the design of a different 
architect, for the Exposition Executive has been so broad-minded as to 
take the designs of architects from all parts of the United States — from 
New York, from Boston, from Kansas City, and from other towns as 
well as from Chicago. This grand perspective of monumental facades 
may therefore be taken to illustrate the present condition of the 
science of architecture in America. At the extreme end of the 
avenue is the Administration Building, and in front of it the basin 
is split into a canal to the right and left, on the one hand running 
for a short distance only, and on the other extending into the system 
of ornamental water just spoken of. Fig. lO gives a good idea of 
the appearance that will be presented by the short left-hand branch 
just spoken of, with one front of the Machinery Hall on one side and 
of the Agricultural Building on the other ; the 'two being connected 
by a fine classic colonnade, and a great obelisk in front. To the 
south of the Grand Avenue are the Agricultural Buildings, with 
their stockyards and annexes ; a Forestry Building; and the Machin- 
ery Hall with its annexes. These two buildings are to be con- 
nected by a classic colonnade, as indicated on the plan referred to 
above. On the north of the Grand Avenue are the buildings for the 
Industrial and I^iberal Arts, and those for Electricity and Mines and 
Mining. 

Behind this range of short-lived palaces come many more build- 
ings — the Transportation Hall, the Great Conservatory, the Wom- 
en's Building, the Pavilion of the State of Illinois, the Art Galle- 
ries. North of these latter is a large reserve set aside for the vari- 
ous States of the Union, and on which it is expected that every 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 27 

State will erect a pavilion to serve as offices and as a special exhibit. 
Returning southward by the lake shore we come to a second large 
reserve to be allotted to the use of the foreign nations exhibiting, on 
which they may erect their buildings to serve as their official head- 
quarters. 

You will see by the plan (fig. 4) that the best site of all — that 
facing direct on the lake — has been placed at the disposal of this 
country. Beyond this area are the Fisheries Building and the 
United States Government Building, and belonging to it on the left 
is a very interesting model that forms the exhibit of .the Navy De- 
partment. After this we get back to the Industrial Building, and 
thence to the pier and Grand Avenue, where we started. I forgot 
just now to tell you that outside the Exposition grounds to the north 
it is proposed to erect the Columbian tower, a structure 150 feet 
higher than the Eiffel, from a design by the eminent engineer, Mr. 
George S. Morison. It is not certain, however, that this will be 
built. 

We can now form a general idea of the scheme of the Columbian 
Exposition, and when we remember that the roofed-in portion will 
cover 150 acres, or St. James' Park and the Green Park combined, 
and that these buildings will not be sheds, but as you will see pres- 
ently, magnificent — though temporary — structures, both as regards 
their engineering and their architectural features, you will not be 
surprised that the estimated cost — which we all know is not always 
quite the same thing as the actual cost — is a million and half ster- 
ling. P'ig. 5, a double plate, will give an accurate idea of the gen- 
eral appearance of the Exposition buildings and grounds, and indi- 
cates the appearance of the Exhibition as seen from the lake. 

Mr. D. H. Burnham, chief of construction, has entire charge of 
the construction of the magnificent buildings to be erected for the 
Columbian Exposition, and is eminently fitted for the responsible 
position, both as an architect and a man of great executive ability. 

After this hurried glance over the plan, I propose to give a few 
particulars of the principal buildings. 



30 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1893. 



IV.— THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 

The Agricultural Section covers an area as large as that of the 
Green Park, and two-thirds of it will be covered with buildings, 
one- sixth of the whole being devoted to the iVIain Hall and the 
remainder to cattle sheds, stockyards, and a great assembly room, 
which will be used for musical performances and afterward as a cat- 
tle ring. The interior of the great building will present no striking 
features, but the outside, as you will see from fig. 6, is elaborate. 

Its main cornice is 65 feet above the ground; it has a large corner 
pavilion with central entrances, and a lofty colonnade running 
round each side. In the center of the building will be a rotunda 
100 feet in diameter, and 130 feet high, and the exterior will be 
enriched by statuary at all the salient points. 

Adjoining the Agricultural Building are several others; an annex, 
328 feet by 500 feet, to receive overflow exhibits; a sawmill, nearly 
an acre in extent, and a Forestry Building of 2^ acres. A view 
•of this latter building is given in fig 8. 

The names of these buildings indicate their purpose, as also does 
that of a dairy (the design of which is shown in fig. 9), half an 
acre in extent, and in which it is intended that all the most advanced 
appliances and methods of American dairy farming shall be exhibited. 
South of the Agricultural Building are the yards and live stock 
sheds, these being no less than 40 acres in extent, and the open 
yards are 20 acres. 



v.— MACHINERY HALL- 

The Machinery Hall will cover an area of seventeen acres; that is 
to say it is more than twice as wide, and nearly four times as long 
as the Royal Agricultural Hall, at Islington. 

Its elaborate facade is on the Grand Avenue (see fig. 10), with a 
great classic portico, flanked by two towers as high as the London 
Monument. Within, its main feature will be three broad arched 




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CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1893. 33 



galleries running down its whole length, but broken in the center 
by a transept with three domes; galleries extend around all 
four sides of the building, and the other elevations, which are not so 
elaborate as that of the main facade, will nevertheless, be highly 
ornamented. The classification and contents of this building will, 
of course, resemble those of the Machinery Hall at any other Inter- 
national Exhibition. Time will not allow me to enlarge on this 
point, but I may mention one or two novel and interesting features 
which it is intended shall be carried out. Machinery in motion is 
to be largely driven by compressed air, or by electricity, not by steam, 
so that many of the disadvantages attending the use of this last- 
named agent will be avoided. Then one part of the Machinery Hall 
will be arranged as a vast power station for generating electricity; 
steam engines and dynamos — which will form exhibits- -to the extent 
of 25,000 h.p. will constitute the station, and the current generated 
will be distributed over the grounds. 



VI.— THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 

The Administration Building (fig. ii) is set at the western end of 
the Grand Avenue; it will consist of a great rotunda 120 feet in 
diameter, surrounded by a dome, the top of which is 270 feet from the 
ground; around the rotunda will be the spacious and numerous 
offices required for administrative purposes. As you will see from 
the view, the exterior is very elaborate, and is a very fine piece 
of architectural design; the public will be admitted to the various 
galleries as high as the springing of the dome, and the interior will 
be very richly decorated: the outside of the dome will be covered 
with burnished metal. 

Comparing its size with that of St, Paul's Cathedral, it will be 
half the length but more than twice the width of that famous 
structure; the dome will be 38 feet larger in diameter, and its total 
height will only be 90 feet less. 



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36 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 



VII.— THE LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 

The great hall of Industries and Liberal Arts, of which a general 
view is given in fig. 7, will cover an area of 30^ acres, that is one- 
half the size ot the Green Park; its main feature will be one large 
span, the same width as the Machinery Hall at the Paris Exhibition 
in 1889, but 6t feet higher in the center, so that there would be 
height for the London Monument to be placed in it and leave 6 feet' 
to spare. This hall will be nearly 200 feet longer than the Crystal 
Palace, and the comparatively narrow aisles which are built around 
it are as high as the South Transept of the Crystal Palace, and half 
as wide again. It is in this building that the largest and most 
important space, amounting to 120,000 square feet, has been allotted 
to Great Britain and her colonies. A passing reference may be 
made here to the Ethnological exhibit, which promises to be of very 
large extent and interest, and will be placed within this building. 



VIII.— THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 

The Electricity Building, which covers nearly four times the floor 
space of the Royal Agricultural Hall at Islington, will, as you see 
from the engraving (fig. 12), be of very handsome architectural pro- 
portions. The towers, which are such conspicuous features, are 200 
feet in height. A gigantic statue of Benjamin Franklin will be 
placed in the center of the great portico. 

Internally the building, though so large, will have no great con- 
structive features. Its contents, which will illustrate all branches of 
development in electrical science, cannot fail to be of interest. I 
may here pause to mention that it is intended that all the buildings 
and most of the grounds should be lighted at night, the necessary 
electric current being supplied from the great power station of the 
Machinery Hall. Up to the present time it is estimated that no less 
than 7,000 Arc lamps and 120,000 Incandescent lamps will be 
required for the buildings and grounds; but it is almost certain these 
numbers will be largely exceeded. 



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IX.— MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 

This structure (fig. 13) is about the same size as the Electricity 
Building just referred to. You will see that it is also of very elabo- 
rate design, and though the main central entrances are 90 feet in 
height, the building compared with those for Electricity and the Lib- 
eral Arts is comparatively low. Within this building will be shown 
collections of ores, minerals and mineral products of every hind; 
machinery and processes for mining and metallurgical purposes, and 
many applications of minerals on metals in art and industry. 



X.— THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 

The Transportation Building (fig. 14) which is much longer and 
narrower than either of the two structures we have just referred to, 
is of about the same area. As you will see, this building difiers 
very widely in exterior appearance to any of the others; its two 
great features are a central cupola rising 165 feet above the ground, 
and the great doorway of very elaborate design, and which will be 
decorated almost entirely in gold. 

The collection within this building will illustrate the history of 
transportation by land, on the water, and in the air, from the earliest 
times to the present day. Drawings and models will, of course, 
figure largely in this collection, but great numbers of actual objects 
will also be exhibited 



XI.— THE WOMEN'S BUILDING. 

The Women's Building is certainly a novelty in international ex- 
hibitions, for although on each of these occasions, exhibits of female 
art and industry become more extensive and higher in class, still 
hitherto no building has ever been set apart for the exclusive dis- 
play of women's work. But this has been done in Chicago, and on 
so large a scale and in so energetic a manner, that the Women's 



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Building will form a very important factor in the ."Exhibition. As 
you will see from fig. 15, it is a very handsome building, compara- 
tively small, however, since it does not cover quite two acres of 
ground. It is the design of a lady architect; its internal decorations 
will be produced wholly by female workers; and its organization is 
controlled by a committee of lady managers, presided over by Mrs. 
Potter Palmer, of Chicago. 



XII.— THE FINE ARTS BUILDING. 

The Fine Arts Building (fig. 16) which is situated near the north 
of Jackson Park, will be a very beautiful structure in a pure style of 
Grecian Ionic. It will cover about four acres of ground; is rectangu- 
lar in plan; and is divided into four great courts (subdivided into a 
number of smaller ones) by a broad central nave and transept, 
which will be used chiefly for the display of statuary. In the center 
will be a rotunda, covered by a dome. The principal entrance to 
the building will be approached by a brbad flight of steps, and 
statuary will be lavishly used around the exterior. The structure is 
essentially fire proof, being built of brick, terra cotta, and steel. 
There will be a mile of hanging space for pictures, and one of the 
four divisions, above mentioned, has been alotted to Great Britain; 
the others will be occupied by the United States, France, and Ger- 
many. On each side of the main building will be isolated annexes for 
further art exhibits. 



XIII.— THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 

The Fisheries Building (fig. 17) with its circular annexes at each 
end, will form a very picturesque addition to the group of Exhibition 
buildings. 

As its name denotes, it will be devoted to the display of objects 
illustrating fish culture, appliances for fishing, the utilization offish 
for food and for industrial purposes, and the exhibition of a very 
large number of fresh and salt water fish in aquaria. 



liiiiim 




CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 43 



XIV.— THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. 

The United States Government has voted 1,500,000 dollars for 
their participation in the Exhibition. Of this amount $400,000 is 
to be spent on the pavilion, of which a view is given in fig. 18, 
and which will contain exhibits from each Department of State. 

It is delightfully located near the lake shore, south of the main 
lagoon and of the area reserved for the foreign nations and the 
several States, and east of the Women's Building and of Midway- 
Plaisance. The buildings of England, Germany and Mexico are 
near by to the northward. It is classic in style, and bears a strong 
resemblance to the National Museum and other Government build- 
ings at Washington. It covers an area of 350 b}^ 420 feet, and 
is constructed of iron and glass. Its leading architectural feature 
is an imposing central dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high, 
the floor of which will be kept free from exhibits. This building 
fronts to the west and connects on the north, by a bridge over the 
lagoon, with the building of the Fisheries exhibit. 

The south half of the Government Building is devoted to the 
exhibit of the Postoffice Department, Treasury Department, War 
Department, and Department of Agriculture. The north half is 
devoted to the exhibits of the Fisheries Commission, Smithsonian 
Institution and Interior Department. The State Department exhibit 
extends from the rotunda to the east end, and that of the Department 
of Justice from the rotunda to the west end of the building. The 
allotment of space for the several department exhibits is : War De- 
partment, 23,000 square feet ; Treasury, 10,500 square feet; Agri- 
culture, 23,250 square feet; Interior, 24,000 square feet ; Postofl&ce, 
9,000 square feet ; Fishery, 20,000 square feet, and Smithsonian In- 
stitution, remainder of space 

In the lake, and in front of the ground on which the Government 
pavilion is erected, will be the United States' Navy exhibit, a full- 
sized model of one of the largest American ironclads, which is to be 
complete in every particular. The model will be 348 feet long upon 
the water line, 69 feet 3 inches wide amidships, and it will have 14 



44 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 



feet of freeboard. The hull of the vessel from the submerged plat- 
form to the main deck, will be built of brick and concrete, finished 
outside and inside with cement molded to the contour of the ves- 
sel. Beneath the water line an apron of molded iron plates will 
extend to shield the platform, so that under no circumstances will 
the semblance of reality be destroyed. Upon the main deck will be 
built two armor-plated redoubts, 34 feet 6 inches in diameter, and 
in each of these will be mounted two 13-inch breech-loading guns. 
These guns, as well as the redoubts, are built up of a wood framing, 
finished with cement; the guns, however, will be fitted with a steel 
rifled tube and breech mechanism, while the carriages on which they 
are mounted will be so real that all the evolutions of loading and 
training can be performed. In the same way the mechanism for re- 
volving the turret, handling ammunition, etc., will be capable of 
being worked. On the upper deck there will be eight 8-inch guns, 
also mounted in turrets or redoubts, and a battery of Hotchkiss 
guns will be furnished. The armament will comprise in addition, 
four 6 -inch rifled guns, which are mounted on sponsons built out 
from the side of the ship; twenty 6-pounder quick-firing guns; six 
I -pounder quick-firing guns; two gatlings, and six torpedo tubes. 
The whole of this minor armament will be real, and the guns will 
be furnished by the Naval Gun Factory, with carriages, shields, and 
all equipments in complete working order. An iron military tower 
will be built at the forward part of the upper deck, and above will 
be the military tops in which some of the quick-firing guns will be 
mounted. The conning tower will also be shown completely fitted 
with all the electrical and other appliances required by the 
commander in time of action. The bridge, which extends along the 
whole length of the vessel, carries a number of Hotchkiss guns and 
the chart-house; on each side of this bridge the boats are hung, and 
these, together with the cranes, davits and appliances for working 
them, will all be actual, so as to form real and working exhibits. 
^ Torpedo spars will be fitted to the sides of the ship, so that the 
operations of manipulating the torpedo netting can be exhibited. A 
large electric-light plant will be fitted up on board to illustrate the 
various uses of electric light on board ship. The quarters for officers 
and men will be in all respects an exact reprodution of the actujil 



46 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 



accommodation on these ships; and during the time of the Ex- 
hibition the vessel will be manned completely, and, so far as is pos- 
sible, all the evolutions on board a man-of-war will be regularly 
carried out. The one war ship, the Michigan^ which, by a treaty 
with this country, is allowed to cruise upon the lake waters, will 
have her station near the model ship during the Exhibition; and if 
the permission of the British Government can be obtained, a fleet of 
American-built torpedo boats will be also moored in the same locality. 
Fig. 20 shows exactly how this model ship — to be called the Illinois 
— will appear when completed. 

The idea of having an exhibit of this kind was conceived by Capt. 
R. W. Meade, U. S. N., representative of the Navy Department, 
U. S. Government Board of Management; and was designed by Mr. 
F. W. Grogan, Architect Naval Exhibit. 

XV.— THE HORTICUETURAI. BUILDING. 

The Horticultural Building (fig. 19) is a great conservatory 
nearly as large as the Crystal Palace; in the center there will be a 
dome 187 feet in diameter, and 113 feet high, that is to say, a few 
feet higher than the South Transept of the Crystal Palace; this will 
be used for the display of palms, tree-ferns, etc. The remainder of 
the building will be arranged for stove, hothouse, and cool green- 
house plants, fruit and vegetables, and horticultural implements. I 
may mention that the Horticultural Building will be surrounded 
with extensive grounds, laid out in the most elaborate manner and 
adapted for flower displays, which will also be exhibits. 

XVI.— DECORATION OF THE BUII.DINGS. 

I have now referred separately to all the principal buildings of the 
Exhibition, but, before quitting this part of the subject, I would 
like to refer to a novel feature that has been introduced by the Exhi- 
bition Executive. This is the establishment of a department of 
color which controls the whole of the decoration external and inter- 
nal of the buildings. The chief of this important department is a 



48 CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1893. 

very able artist, Mr. William Pretyman, who has prepared and is 
carrying out a general scheme of color for the whole of the 
buildings. 

XVII.— THE MIDWAY-PLAISANCH. 

The Midway-Plaisance is a strip of ground about 600 feet in 
width and a mile in length, that connects Jackson with Washington 
Park. The junction with the former is at the point shown on the 
plan, immediately opposite the Women's Building. This extensive 
piece of land, at present almost waste, is to be converted to various 
uses, that may perhaps be best described as a Street of Nations. 
Here will be collected all, or nearly all, of the Auxiliary Exhibi- 
tions, to which admittance will be gained by extra payment — thea- 
ters, panoramas. Oriental amusements, and the like. It is to be a 
Bazaar of all Nations, for it is only in this part of the Exposition 
that current sales will be allowed. Native villages from various 
civilized and uncivilized parts of the world will be organized, to 
gratify the curious, or instruct the student. Refreshment booths 
and beer gardens will not be wanting, and probably more than one 
of those ingenious reproductions, initiated some years ago by the 
inventor of Old I^ondon, and since so often and so successfully 
repeated, will find a profitable if short existence on the Midway- 
Plaisance. There is little doubt that this portion of the Exhibition 
will always be crowded, just as the famous Rue de Caire, at Paris, in 
1889, was usually impassable. But this Bazaar of all Nations will 
be on a much larger scale than the Rue de Caire, and a railway run- 
ning down the whole length will be a necessity. The concession for 
this railway has been granted to the proprietors of the sliding water 
railway that attracted so much attention in Paris, and no doubt a 
proportionate degree of success is awaiting it in Chicago. 

XVIII.— THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. 

After the 200 acres of buildings are deducted, there will still 
remain in Jackson Park a space to be laid out as pleasure grounds 
for the public larger than Hyde Park. This extensive work is being 
carried out by a famous firm of American landscape gardeners. 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 49 

Wide canals and lakes will enter largely into the scheme of decora- 
tion, and many thousands of trees will be transplanted during the 
next few months. Probably the greatest number will be concen- 
trated on the wooded island, opposite the Horticultural Building, 
and which is to present a complete collection of the timber trees of 
the United States. In such experienced hands there is no fear that 
the Exhibition buildings will not receive a suitable setting of artis- 
tically arranged lawns, trees and flowers. I have made no mention 
of the various Pavilions which will be erected by the different States 
of the Union as offices, and to contain collective exhibits; these will 
vary very largely in design and in size; fig. 21 and fig. 22 represent 
probably the two extremes. The former is the Pavilion of the State 
of Illinois, and will be placed opposite the Fine Arts Building. It 
will be 160 feet wide, and 450 feet long. Excepting for a space at 
one end, 75 feet by 60 feet, which will be reserved for a model 
school house, the interior will present an unbroken rectangular hall, 
in which the State exhibit will be collected; a memorial hall on one 
side and a spacious vestibule on the other will form wings to the 
main structure. The architecture is Italian Renaissance, and the 
principal feature will be a central dome 72 feet in diameter, and 
about 200 feet high. 

XIX.— THE COLUMBUS EXHIBIT. 

On an elevated tongue or land projecting into the lake to the 
south of the pier will be erected a reproduction of the convent of Ea 
Rabida, in Palos, whence Columbus sailed on his first voyage to 
the New World. In and around this building will be arranged a 
surprising collection of the relics of Columbus which are being 
sought for and obtained freely in Europe, the West India Islands 
and in South America. There will be a reproduction of one vessel, 
at all events, as exact as it is possible to obtain, of the fleet in which 
Columbus sailed from Spain four hundred years before. This ves- 
sel, now being built in Spain, will be navigated across the Atlantic; 
will take part in the great naval review to be held in New York har- 
bor in the spring of 1893; and will thence be taken to Lake Michi- 
gan and be moored under the walls of the convent. The Columbus 



50 CHICAGO AND HKR EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 

Bxhibit will comprise everything that can be gathered to illustrate 
the life and work of the great discoverer, including models of his 
seven birthplaces, and of his numerous tombs. 

Besides these mementoes of Columbus, there will be other collec- 
tions of the great conquerors of Mexico and of Peru, and of colonial 
and independent South America. 

CONCLUSION. 

I fear that I have already exceeded the limits of your patience, as 
well as those of the conventional time assigned to such an address 
as the present. Otherwise I could have greatly enlarged upon a 
subject that can be approached from so many points of view. I 
trust, however, that I have said enough to arouse in you sufficient 
interest to follow closely the recorded progress of this great work, as 
you will find it reported in the journals of this country and of 
America. By so doing you will acquire an intelligent and detailed 
knowledge of the scheme and scope; the organization and arrange- 
ment of the great Exhibition that will mark the close of the cen- 
tury; and those of you who avail yourself of the privilege afforded 
you by this Institution, and visit Chicago in 1893, will go there well 
posted in advance, and will thus be enabled to employ your time to 
the best possible advantage. 

I do not think that any of you can realize the permanent benefits 
that should result for each of you as the consequence of this 
journey. I say without hesitation — so far as my personal experience 
is concerned — that there is no place in the world where so much can 
be learned in a short time as in the United States ; a few weeks 
passed there is a liberal education. Only you must go prepared to 
learn the lessons that await you on every side ; you must remember 
that this will not be a pleasure trip in the sense that your excur- 
sions to Paris, to Scandinavia, to the Mediterranean, or to Switzer- 
land were pleasure trips. If there is one deeply marked and wide- 
spread national characteristic in the great American nation, it is 
earnestness. It is that quality which has, in a century raised the 
United States to the rank of a leading nation ; has made it today the 
wealthiest country in the world. 



CHICAGO AND HER EXPOSITION OF 1 893. 51 

It is not necessary for us to speculate whether this great quality, 
which has its drawbacks as well as its incalculable advantages, is a 
legacy from the grand old British stock that carried its life in its 
hands from our shores and cemented with its blood the foundation 
stones of the great Empire of the West ; or whether the keener and 
more stimulating climate is rapidly evolving a new race to which 
slowness of pace is impossible. It is sufficient to know that you 
will see the results of the earnestness of which I speak, on every 
hand ; that 3^ou will find a higher average of intelligence — that is, 
of practical intelligence — than you have ever met before, and that 
for the time at least you will be infected by the same earnestness 
and the same energy. Only you must leave behind you those Brit- 
ish prejudices which are so dear to most of us, and which prompt us 
to draw comparisons, always — and usually without justice — in favor 
of our own country. 

You must endeavor, as far as possible, to view America and 
American institutions from an American point of sight, and if you 
succeed in doing this, you will appreciate how great a country it is, 
and you will be lost in wonder ac the nation that has done so much 
in so short a time. Leave prejudice behind you ; take with you all 
the power of just appreciation that you can muster, and then great 
will be your reward ; for not only will you return with broadened 
minds, and many new experiences, but you will visit no foreign 
country, but one where friendly hands will be stretched out to greet 
you warmly ; where your arrival will be hailed with delight and 
your departure marked with regret. But unless you can go in the 
spirit I have hinted at ; and more, unless you go determined to make 
your holiday a time of pleasant though continuous labor, it would 
be better for you, I think, not to go at all, because disappointment 
would inevitably await you. Perhaps some of you may think that 
I am making these suggestions rather prematurely, but time passes 
quickly, and good counsel is seldom out of season ; moreover it is 
not likely that another opportunity will be 'afforded me of 
addressing you. 



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APPENDIX. 



55 



APPENDIX. 



STATISTICS OF WORI^D'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

Revised to March 5, 18 g2. 

We are indebted to the kindness of Major M. P. Handy, Chief of 
Department Publicity and Promotion, for the following facts and 
figures on Exposition work. 

The World's Columbian Exposition will be held under the 
auspices and supervision of the United States Government, having 
been authorized by act of Congress, approved April 25, 1890, which 
characterized it as "An Exhibition of Arts, Industries, Manufactures 
and Products of the Soil, Mine and Sea." 



FOREIGN PARTICIPATION. 

The following table shows the foreign nations and provinces which 
thus far have determined to participate in the Exposition, and the 
amounts of their appropriations, made or oflScially proposed, as far 
as information concerning them has been received at headquarters. 
In case of the nations and colonies marked with a star, the notifi- 
cation of their determination to participate is not official, but yet is 
believed reliable. 



56 



APPKNDIX. 



Argentine Republic $100,000 

Austria. 149, 100 

Belgium 

Bolivia 30,700 

Brazil 600,000 

Bulgaria 

China ;..... 

Columbia 100,000 

Costa Rica 150,000 

Denmark 

Danish West Indies.. 

Ecuador 1 25,000 

*Egypt (informal) ...... 

France 650,000 

Algeria 

French Guiana 

Germany 214, 200 

Great Britain 125,000 

^Barbadoes.. 6,000 

^British Columbia... 

British Guiana 

British Honduras 

Canada 

Cape Colony 

Ceylon , 

^India 

Jamaica 

*Malta 

*Mashonaland 

New South Wales... 

New Zealand 

Queensland 

*South Australia 

Tasmania 

Trinidad 

* Victoria 

*West Australia 

* Greece (informal) 

Guatemalia 120, 000 



25,000 

7,500 

100,000 

25,000 

40,000 



Hawaii 

Hay ti $25. 000 

Honduras 20,000 

*Italy (informal) 

Erythria 

Japan 630,765 

Korea 

Madagascar....... 

Mexico 50,000 

Netherlands... 

Dutch Guiana 10,000 

Dutch West Indies.... 5,000 

Nicaragua 30,000 

Norway 56,280 

Orange Free State 7»5oo 

Paraguay 100,000 

Persia 

Peru 125,000 

Portugal (declined) 

Madeira 



^Roumania 

Russia 

Salvador 

San Domingo 

*Servia (informal) 

Siam 

20,000^ Spain 

Cuba 

Porto Rico 

*Sweden 

Transvaal. 

Turkey 

Uruguay 

10,000 Venezuela 

15,000 



12,000 



150,000 
27,500 



25,000 
53,600 



Total $3,940,145, 

Forty-four nations. 
Twenty-eight provinces. 



At a low estimate the total of the appropriations of foreign nations, 
will reach $5,000,000. Nearly all the participating nations will 
erect buildings in the Exposition grounds. Building sites have al- 



APPENDIX. 



57 



ready been selected for Great Britain, Germany, Japan, Turkey, 
Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, Argentine Republic, Ecuador, 
Colombia, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. The United States Govern- 
ment, thus far, has authorized the expenditure of $1,500,000 for its 
participation and for the expenses of the National Commissioners and 
Lady Managers. This amount is certain to be largely increased. 



THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



Twenty-six States and two Territories, thus far, have made ap- 
propriations for their representation at the Exposition, as follows: 



Arizona $ 30,000 

California 300,000 

Colorado 100,000 

Delaware .' 10,000 

Idaho 20,000 

Illinois 800, 000 

Indiana 75,000 

Iowa 50, 000 

Maine 40,000 

Massachusetts 75 , 000 

Michigan 1 00, 000 

Minnesota 50, 000 

Missouri 150,000 

Montana 50,000 

Nebraska 50,000 



New Hampshire $ 25,000 

New Jersey 70,000 

New Mexico 25,000 

North Carolina 25,000 

North Dakota 25,000 

Ohio 100,000 

Pennsy Ivania 300, 000 

Rhode Island 25,000 

Vermont 15,000 

Washington 100, 000 

West Virginia 40,000 

Wisconsin 65,000 

Wyoming 30,000 



Total $2, 745 , 000 



In several of the States named above, bills are pending in the Legis- 
lature to increase the appropriation already made. All of the other 
States are preparing for participation and will provide the necessary 
funds either by appropriation or private subscription. The aggre- 
gate expenditure by the States and Territories is expected to exceed 
$5,000,000. Nearly all of the States will erect buildings as State 
headquarters and receptacles for collective exhibits illustrating their 
resources. These structures, for the most part, will be two stories 
in height; will average about 50x75 or 100 feet in dimensions, and 
will cost all the way from $10,000 to $100,000 each. 



58 



APPENDIX. 



THE EXPOSITION BUILDINGS. 

Th€ size and cost of the great Exposition buildings are indicated 
in the following table: 



Buildings. 



Manufactures and Liberal Arts. 

Administration 

Mines 

Electricity 

Transportation 

' ' Annex 

Women's 

Art Gralleries 

" Annexes (3) 

Fisheries 

" Annexes (2) 

Horticulture 

" Greenhouses (8). . . . 
Machinery 

" Annex 

" Po^ver House 

" Pumping- Works 

" Machine Shop 

Agriculture 

" Annex 

" Assembly Hall, etc. 

Forestry 

Saw Mill 

Dairy 

Live Stock (3) 

" Pavilion 

Sheds 

Casino 

Music Hall 



^ U. S. Government 

" Imitation Battleship. 

Illinois State 

" Wings (2) 



Dimensions 
in feet. 



787x1687 
262x 262 
350x 700 
345x 690 
256x 960 
425x 900 
199x 388 
320x 500 
120x 200 
165x 365 
135 diam'r 
250x 998 

24x 100 
492x 846 
490x 550 
lOOx 461 ) 

77x 84 V 
146x 250 ) 
500x 800 
300x 550 
125x 450 
208x 528 
125x 300 
lOOx 200 

65x 200 
280x 440 



120x 250 
120x 250 



345x 415 

69 25x 348 

160x 450 



Acreage of 

floor space, 

including 

galleries. 



44. 
4.3 
8.7 
9.7 
9.4 
9.2 
3.3 



t:\ 



2.4 

.7 
6.6 

.5 

17.5 

6.2 

1.9 




Cost. 



$1,500,000 
435,000 
265,000 
401,000 

370,000 

138,000 

670,000 

224,000 

300,000 
25,000 

1,200,000 
85,000 

618,000 

100,000 

100,000 

35,000 

30,000 

335,000 
^210,000 



$7,041,000 
400,000 
100,000 

250,000 



$7,791,000 



* Including connecting peristyle. 



APPENDIX. 59 



The last three are being erected, the first two by the United 
States Government, and the third by the State of Illinois. The vis- 
itor, however, will naturally class them among the great Exposition 
structures. 

Of the total floor space (210 acres), about 50 acres, approximately, 
represent the galleries in the various buildings, and the upper floors 
in the Administration, Women's, Assembly Hall, and Government 
and Illinois buildings. It follows that the ground space covered is 
approximately 160 acres. At a rough estimate, the buildings ot 
the States and of foreign nations will cover an additional five acres. 

The Fine Arts Building with its annexes has 7,885 lineal feet, or 
145,852 square feet of wall space for pictures. All of the annexes 
will be scarcely less imposing and architecturally beautiful than the 
main buildings themselves. The live-stock sheds, which will cover 
an immense area as indicated, are to be constructed as inexpen- 
sively as possible, without marring the general architectural effect. 
The power houses, pumping works, etc. , are to be exhibits in them- 
selves, and so constructed as to be readily inspected by visitors. 

The total cost of the Exposition structures alone, not including 
those of the Government and of Illinois, is estimated at $8,000,000. 
Other expenses, including organization, administration, decoration, 
landscape gardening, water supply, lighting, etc., etc., bring the 
total amount to be expended by the Exposition Company above 
$20,000,000. 

The Exposition buildings will be dedicated October 12, 1892. The 
Exposition will be open to the public from May i to October 30, 
1893. The final allotment of space will be made about July i, 1892. 
The reception of Exhibits will begin November i and continue un- 
til April 10, 1893. A single entrance fee, probably 50 cents, though 
not yet determined, will entitle visitors to see the entire Exposition 
proper. The special attractions on Midway-Plaisance will make a 
moderate additional charge. In April, 1893, an international naval 
review, preliminary to the opening of the Expositioii, will be held 
in New York harbor, as provided by Act of Congress. 



AN ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY JOURNAL 

Edited by WII/I/IAM H. MAW and JAMI^S DREDGE. 



PRICB TWBMTV-FIUB CBMTS. 



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